Research work revealed that stored grain pests pose serious threats to stored food commodities and cause economic losses. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. North american approach to prevent entry, establishment. Hosts of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by number of. Confirmed khapra beetle interceptions in 2011, 2012, and 20 totaled nearly 200 each year, indicating the effectiveness of the training program. The khapra beetle is the only insect that cbp takes regulatory action against. The damage to the grain is caused by the larvae while the adults are harmless and do not feed. Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Khapra beetle is one of the most destructive stored grain pests, and infestations. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. Khapra beetle is a destructive pest that can reproduce rapidly in stored products under hot conditions. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the family dermestidae contains a. Location eppo2016 australia2016 myers2012 spires2009 french2005 banks1977.
Other common names include larder beetle, hide or leather beetles, carpet beetles, and khapra beetles. Host commodity 142 atlas0spir09 104 french2005 38 ceris2004 33 pasek 1998 37 strong1959 38 lindgren55 27. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta. Agriculture department calls it one of the worlds most destructive pests, feasting on grain and seeds. Khapra beetle and associated host material are regulated by the usda under.
Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is a serious pest of stored grain and dry foodstuffs worldwide. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides. Its discovery in california in 1953 led to a massive control and eradication effort which extended until 1966 and. Dermestidae, when fumigated with three plant oils of the gens achillea. It can infest a wide variety of products 1,2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in. Threatspecific contingency plan plant health australia. Usda, agriculture is the largest industry and employment. Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by location as recorded in six publications. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds.
It is able to survive almost anywhere in storage facilities that are protected from cold environments. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its. Khapra beetle pest and diseases image library, officials at detroit metro airport were able to dispose of invasive beetles that were found in a womans bag of seeds. The khapra beetle is a destructive pest of stored grain and other dried plantas well as animalproducts. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years.
Life cycle mated females live 47 days, while unmated females live from 2030 days. Khapra beetle is known to occur are prohibited from entering the united states. Media in category trogoderma granarium the following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. Dermestidae on various barley cultivars volume 107 issue 5 a. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle zoology for ias. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation. Its ability to survive for long periods under extreme conditions facilitates its spread through international commerce, which has led to invasions of new geographic regions. Morphologically, the mature larva of khapra beetle can be separated from that of t. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds.
We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations. One of the worlds most destructive pests crossed the. South asia, are a severe pest of grains, and considered to be one of the top inva sive, species in the. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most destructive stored product pests of stored commodities and processed goods throughout the world 1. Trogoderma granarium everts, 1898 vernacular names. Chemical composition and fumigation toxicity of laurus nobilis l. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. Damage to the commodities can be a warning sign, but often it is a result of the feeding of other common stored products pests. Biology and control of the khapra beetle, trogoderma.
The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, is a voracious feeder of stored products and is considered one of the most important quarantine pests globally. The khapra beetle was found last summer among documents when a canadian resident entered the u. Infested grain also becomes contaminated with beetles, cast skins and hairs from larvae, which can be a health risk and are difficult to remove from grain storage structures and transport vessels. The head emends into a long slender snout with a pair of stow. Canada this shipment has been inspected and found free of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium treatment. The pest risk assessment of the khapra beetle conducted by the united states department of agriculture, animal and plant health inspection service, plant protection and quarantine usda, aphis, ppq, addresses the likelihood of the beetle becoming established in the united states, the economic consequences of khapra beetle infestation in the us. In fact, it has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide lowe et al. Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra. Pests like the asian longhorned beetle and the emerald.
Identify issues complicated by current trade practices and seek potential solutions. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Dermestidae is a serious pest of stored grains and stored products. It is considered to be a serious pest of stored wheat grains. Customs and border protection detroit federal agents in michigan discovered an invasive beetle when a. The latest literature reveals that the pest is present in more than 35 countries of the world 12. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds most feared storedproduct pests. When larvae move from one stage to the next, they shed their skin cuticle and the old hairs. The khapra beetle, considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds, probably originated from regions now including india and bangladesh, but has since spread to other areas including northern and eastern africa, southern europe and the mediterranean region, the mideast, and east into asia. Khapra beetle national invasive species information. These beetles can be detected by examining cracks and crevices and inspecting paneling on walls and under timbers, tanks or shelves.
Cigarette beetle lasioderma serricorne confused flour beetle tribolium confusum depressed flour beetle. The larvae are 56 mm in length and covered in spearheaded hairs. Stored grain insect reference september 2016 page 6 granary weevil the granary weevil, sitophilus granarius linnaeus,1 is a small, moderately polished, blackish or chestnutbrown beetle fig. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts edis university of. Its discovery in california in 1953 led to a massive control and. University of florida, university of florida, institute of food and agricultural sciences extension. The beetle prefers hot, dry conditions and can be found in areas where grain and other potential food is stored, such as pantries, malt houses, grain and fodder processing plants, and stores of used grain sacks or crates. One of the worlds most destructive insects seized at. To file a complaint of discrimination, write to usda, director, office of civil rights, 1400. Officials nab seeds infested with invasive khapra beetles. These documents differ based on whether they focus on commodity, country of. The lifespan of adult khapra beetle is usually between five and ten days. Feasibility of harmonizing our approach with khapra beetle. Identify common mitigation approaches in countries where khapra is established.
It can cause losses of up to 75% from direct feeding. It is a voracious feeder of grain products, can tolerate colder climates and is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in a diapausal state for up to six years. Hosts of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by number of hosts in six publications cat. Fumigation with mbr at 80gm3 for 48 hours at 21 degree celcius.
To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the usda program discrimination complaint form, ad3027, found. It also, attack rice, oat, maize, jaw, pulses, oil seeds and their products, malting, copra, dry fruits etc. The khapra beetle is reportedly one of the worlds most destructive insect pests of stored grains, cereals, and seeds. There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium considered one of the most destructive pests that has great economic importance because of starvation capability for three years and has best survival rate at low humidity.
Wood packaging material wpm, typically used for transport, is a high risk source of pests of trees. Usa this shipment has been inspected and found free of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium treatment. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen routing guidance background the khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle, is a small beetle 23 mm in size, oval in shape, brown to brownishblack in color with the body densely clothed in yellowish hairs. Head is small bearing sharp, mandibulate mouth parts and short, capitate antennae. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and. Pdf concern has been expressed that stored grain pests especially the khapra beetle has posed serious threat to global food security and. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Dermestidae are a family of coleoptera that are commonly referred to as skin beetles. Khapra beetle at center for environmental and regulatory information. The khapra beetle s size and other characteristics. Biological control is effective against khapra beetle because naturel enemies only feed their host rather putting any damage to stored commodities.
Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma. In the current study, probit and logistic models were employed to fit experimental mortality data of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Khapra beetle is considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of stored food products. Khapra beetle and warehouse beetle kbwb registered trademark and tm trademark of trece inc. Khapra beetle feeds on grains and seeds as well as processed vegetable and animal products including spices, herbs, nuts, dried fruits and dried animal skins. In conclusion, this study suggests that the acetonic extract of l. Origin trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa.
1 1399 737 608 583 635 1357 1057 125 42 988 339 37 866 1463 364 1430 182 1282 813 898 655 918 1164 1435 1016 1577 277 1050 1216 1238 307 457 661 645 845 443 224 966 1420 760 1132 669 1021 216 1030 415 1184